CypherTails
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For emotional impact, the main way is stakes in the story. A story that the protagonist has something to lose or stands to fail creates tension. When there is something on the line then the reader will be more likely get invested. This doesn't have to be something grim and morbid, one example I can think of is Nisekoi. The two girls each have a key and the main protagonist has a lock. Both girls are hinted to be possibly an important person in the main protagonists past. This creates an element of the unknown and suspense. A hidden danger has much more impact than a known one. Our brains are designed to fear the unknown so it's something a writer should leverage on.OH DAAAAAAAAA**********NNNNNNNN
Now that, I fully understand. Wow, thanks mate, so the things I've missed are basically the conflict and pressure. But, sadly that only answers the first problem. My second problem now is their emotions. I've read many stories and even watched them (Yes, including SAO, full metal alchemist, etc.), and the emotions they release are astonishing. Even the novel "Beginning after the end" brought me sadness when something bad happens, but when I look at my story, when something sad happens, it's... Not sad. I guess attack on titan gave me a huge impact. But, basically the only thing missing now is the part where if this scene is sad, even the readers will feel sad, when this scene invokes anger, even the readers will get mad at them, when this scene is sweet, the readers could giggle at their interactions. This is the type of story-writing that I need last.
Build up your tension and move towards a climax then release the tension and give a pay off. Your story structure should be based on "Hills and Valleys". This is also why so many stories has an arc structure.
New environment (lvl 1 Tension) --> New threat (lvl 2 tension) --> Unexpected event causes things to screw up (lvl 3 tension) --> threat is approaching (lvl 4 tension) --> final fight is here (MAX tension) --> protagonist wins (tension deescalates) --> Pay off and wrap up (Back to lvl 1 tension)
In terms of small events for character development, one way is to tap on things that most people can relate to. A relationship with a parent/sibling/friend, a rejection by a love interest, the loss of a loved one/pet, a day of fun with your friends. Something almost everyone has experienced. However, that said these moments can't all just be happy happy fun times. There must be hard times as well, moments of weakness are much more human that moments of triumph. Remember, light shines brightest in the dark.
A simple example I can come up with just off the top of my head:
The protagonist just got rejected by a girl. So he's feeling like shit, his world is basically collapsing around him. So he goes to his favorite cafe to mope. (perfectly human reaction because the cafe is a safe space) Then his childhood friend who also happens to be a girl comes in and takes a seat at the table. They talk and the protagonist says depressing stuff like, I'm hopeless, I'm not attractive... blah blah blah.
In this scene you can put several things in to make it emotional, but these things must have meaning like.
Girl: "Hey."
Boy: "Hey..."
Girl: "I heard about what happened..."
Boy: "I want to be alone"
Girl: "Then you shouldn't pick this cafe, I introduced it to you after all."
Boy: "Then I guess I should have just gone home...
GIrl: "I know where you live and your mum gave me a spare key"
Boy: "Right..."
Girl: "Why didn't you order a coffee?"
Boy:"I spent all my money on the flowers..."
The girl then orders the protagonists usual drink of choice with all the usual specifications that she would only know due to their close relationship. The above conversation shows that these two have a history, you can convey this information through simple interaction. No need for some explanation. They way the talk also shows they are close, you aren't that forward with a stranger.
After the protagonist is done moping the two part ways with a simple exchange.
Girl " See you in school tomorrow."
Boy "Yeah... Sena? (random girl name)"
Girl: "Hmm?"
Boy "Thanks..."
Then the scene ends.
A scene like this is much more impactful than if the two of them were hanging out on a typical afternoon. You can still have happy times but a moment of weakness now and then is also a powerful tool at your disposal as a writer. Remember humans behave differently to different humans, that difference in behavior is a story telling element in and of itself. Many things go unsaid in human interactions, those truly close to us can understand us without us having to say it. Show that connection and the story starts to come alive piece by piece. Actions are only as useful in a story as the meaning behind them.
Also be careful not to make it too depressing, a pathetic character that is pathetic for too long is not likable. A good character is one that can overcome his own flaws and rise above them. Use contrast to give impact to the emotional side of the story, in a happy story, the sad moments sting more and in a sad story the happy moments taste sweeter. Use that contrast, it is a very important tool for any story. These moments of contrast can be used to tie the relationships even more among characters, "Common scars" and "Shared parades". Moments shared between characters are important, that is how a relationship is built.
In anime/TV/Movie the demand on character development is not as high because it is a fundamentally a visual medium. In writing it's text based, this means more inner monologue, events with no deeper meaning is just bland narration. So you must use the tools at your disposal, do not try to imitate another medium too heavily. Fight scenes aren't flashy in books, they are emotionally charged and filled with stakes. That's what makes a good climax. This applies to all kinds of story climaxes, a final confession, a death, a climatic fight. The playbook is more or less the same.
Hope this helps.